Here, we report clear evidence supporting this prediction.

A recently developed dynamic game model incorporating colony demography and inclusive fitness predicts that, in hymenopteran social insects, policing behaviour enforcing reproductive altruism in group members depends strongly on the colony growth stage, with strong policing as the colony develops and a relaxation of policing during the reproductive phase. Policing is an important mechanism of the evolution and maintenance of altruism. Many caste-biased ant genes have caste-differentiated expression in honeybees, but directions of caste bias were uncorrelated, as expected when permanent castes evolved independently in both lineages.Īltruism is a paradox in Darwinian evolution. These core regulatory genes exist in the genomes of ant species that secondarily lost the queen caste, but expression differences for reproductive and sterile workers are minor and similar to social paper wasps that lack differentiated castes. Adjusting for such differences, we identified a core gene-set that: (1) consistently displayed similar directions and degrees of caste-differentiated expression and (2) have mostly not been reported as being involved in caste differentiation. Transcriptome profiling showed that the ancestral network for caste-specific gene regulation has been maintained, but that signatures of common ancestry are obscured by later modifications. Ancient genes predating the Neoptera were more likely to regulate gyne (virgin queen) phenotypes, while the caste differentiation roles of younger, ant-lineage-specific genes varied. We analysed brain transcriptomes from five ant species (three subfamilies) and reconstructed the origins of genes with caste-biased expression. Specialized queens and life-time unmated workers evolved once in the common ancestor of all ants, but whether caste development across ants continues to be at least partly regulated by a single core set of genes remains obscure.

A suitable abiotic environment will support life and mass rearing of M. Average of abiotic factors in the microhabitat of M. castanea in both of plantations vary greatly in the size of the number and stage of the ant development stage. The results showed that the colonies of M. The exploration of ant nests was carried out in two plantation locations: smallholder oil palm plantations in Tanah Merah sub-district, Binjai Selatan Subdistrict, Binjai and PTPN 2 and PTPN 4 in Deli Serdang and Serdang Bedagai districts, North Sumatra Province. castanea ants can be carried out in the laboratory to support the natural enemy augmentation program in biological control of O. castanea ant in oil palm plantation so that mass rearing of M. This study aimed to explore the presence and the microhabitat characteristics of M. rhinoceros live on decaying palm oil stems. castanea and pre-mature stadia from pests O. Myopopone castanea ants are a predator for the pre-adult stage of pest Oryctes rhinoceros which is one of the important pests in oil palm plantations. We conclude that several genital characters, especially those of the penisvalvae, can be used to differentiate the species and might be useful to clarify the taxonomy of Dinoponera.Īnts are social insects which widespread and play many important roles in an ecosystem. snellingi suggest a close relation between them as well as between D. What is presently known as Dinoponera australis can be differentiated into discrete populations, perhaps some representing cryptic species. The results from the descriptions and statistical analyses show the genitalia offer valuable characters for species delimitation. We performed geometric morphometric analyses for the penisvalvae and lateropenite of the volsella. We examine the male genital morphology of six species of Dinoponera and the variation among species and within species is described. Genitalia include some of the most complex and morphologically diverse structures in insects, finding extensive use in taxonomy, but ant taxonomy is female biased and knowledge of the males is little explored, potentially depriving ant taxonomy of valuable information.

Ant queen game free